Spring Cloud Function is a project with the following high-level goals:

It abstracts away all of the transport details and infrastructure, allowing the developer to keep all the familiar tools and processes, and focus firmly on business logic.

Here’s a complete, executable, testable Spring Boot application (implementing a simple string manipulation):

@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {

  @Bean
  public Function<Flux<String>, Flux<String>> uppercase() {
    return flux -> flux.map(value -> value.toUpperCase());
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
  }
}

It’s just a Spring Boot application, so it can be built, run and tested, locally and in a CI build, the same way as any other Spring Boot application. The Function is from java.util and Flux is a Reactive Streams Publisher from Project Reactor. The function can be accessed over HTTP or messaging.

Spring Cloud Function has 4 main features:

	Note
	Spring Cloud is released under the non-restrictive Apache 2.0 license. If you would like to contribute to this section of the documentation or if you find an error, please find the source code and issue trackers in the project at github.

Build from the command line (and "install" the samples):

$ ./mvnw clean install

(If you like to YOLO add -DskipTests.)

Run one of the samples, e.g.

$ java -jar spring-cloud-function-samples/function-sample/target/*.jar

This runs the app and exposes its functions over HTTP, so you can convert a string to uppercase, like this:

$ curl -H "Content-Type: text/plain" localhost:8080/uppercase -d Hello
HELLO

You can convert multiple strings (a Flux<String>) by separating them with new lines

$ curl -H "Content-Type: text/plain" localhost:8080/uppercase -d 'Hello
> World'
HELLOWORLD

(You can use QJ in a terminal to insert a new line in a literal string like that.)

The sample @SpringBootApplication above has a function that can be decorated at runtime by Spring Cloud Function to be an HTTP endpoint, or a Stream processor, for instance with RabbitMQ, Apache Kafka or JMS.

The @Beans can be Function, Consumer or Supplier (all from java.util), and their parametric types can be String or POJO. A Function is exposed as a Spring Cloud Stream Processor if spring-cloud-function-stream is on the classpath. A Consumer is also exposed as a Stream Sink and a Supplier translates to a Stream Source. HTTP endpoints are exposed if the Stream binder is spring-cloud-stream-binder-servlet.

Functions can be of Flux<String> or Flux<Pojo> and Spring Cloud Function takes care of converting the data to and from the desired types, as long as it comes in as plain text or (in the case of the POJO) JSON. TBD: support for Flux<Message<Pojo>> and maybe plain Pojo types (Fluxes implied and implemented by the framework).

Functions can be grouped together in a single application, or deployed one-per-jar. It’s up to the developer to choose. An app with multiple functions can be deployed multiple times in different "personalities", exposing different functions over different physical transports.

One of the main features of Spring Cloud Function is to adapt and support a range of type signatures for user-defined functions. So users can supply a bean of type Function<String,String>, for instance, and the FunctionCatalog will wrap it into a Function<Flux<String>,Flux<String>>. Users don’t normally have to care about the FunctionCatalog at all, but it is useful to know what kind of functions are supported in user code.

Generally speaking users can expect that if they write a function for a plain old Java type (or primitive wrapper), then the function catalog will wrap it to a Flux of the same type. If the user writes a function using Message (from spring-messaging) it will receive and transmit headers from any adapter that supports key-value metadata (e.g. HTTP headers). Here are the details.

Consumer is a little bit special because it has a void return type, which implies blocking, at least potentially. Most likely you will not need to write Consumer<Flux<?>>, but if you do need to do that, remember to subscribe to the input flux. If you declare a Consumer of a non publisher type (which is normal), it will be converted to a function that returns a publisher, so that it can be subscribed to in a controlled way.

A function catalog can contain a Supplier and a Function (or Consumer) with the same name (like a GET and a POST to the same resource). It can even contain a Consumer<Flux<>> with the same name as a Function, but it cannot contain a Consumer<T> and a Function<T,S> with the same name when T is not a Publisher because the consumer would be converted to a Function and only one of them can be registered.

The spring-cloud-function-web module has autoconfiguration that activates when it is included in a Spring Boot web application (with MVC support). There is also a spring-cloud-starter-function-web to collect all the optional dependnecies in case you just want a simple getting started experience.

With the web configurations activated your app will have an MVC endpoint (on "/" by default, but configurable with spring.cloud.function.web.path) that can be used to access the functions in the application context. The supported content types are plain text and JSON.

As the table above shows the behaviour of the endpoint depends on the method and also the type of incoming request data. When the incoming data is single valued, and the target function is declared as obviously single valued (i.e. not returning a collection or Flux), then the response will also contain a single value. For multi-valued responses the client can ask for a server-sent event stream by sending `Accept: text/event-stream". If there is only one function (consumer etc.) then the name in the path is optional. Composite functions can be addressed using pipes or commas to separate function names (pipes are legal in URL paths, but a bit awkward to type on the command line).

Functions and consumers that are declared with input and output in Message<?> will see the request headers on the input messages, and the output message headers will be converted to HTTP headers.

When POSTing text the response format might be different with Spring Boot 2.0 and older versions, depending on the content negotiation (provide content type and accpt headers for the best results).

To send or receive messages from a broker (such as RabbitMQ or Kafka) you can use the spring-cloud-function-stream adapter. Add the adapter to your classpath along with the appropriate binder from Spring Cloud Stream. The adapter will bind to the message broker as a Processor (input and output streams) unless the user explicitly disables one or the other using spring.cloud.function.stream.{source,sink}.enabled=false.

An incoming message is routed to a function (or consumer). If there is only one, then the choice is obvious. If there are multiple functions that can accept an incoming message, the message is inspected to see if there is a stream_routekey header containing the name of a function. Routing headers or function names can be composed using a comma- or pipe-separated name. The header is also added to outgoing messages from a supplier. Messages with no route key can be routed exclusively to a function or consumer by specifying spring.cloud.function.stream.{processor,sink}.name. If a single function cannot be identified to process an incoming message there will be an error, unless you set spring.cloud.function.stream.shared=true, in which case such messages will be sent to all compatible functions. A single supplier can be chosen for output messages from a supplier (if more than one is available) using the spring.cloud.function.stream.source.name.

	Note
	some binders will fail on startup if the message broker is not available and the function catalog contains suppliers that immediately produce messages when accessed. You can switch off the automatic publishing from suppliers on startup using the spring.cloud.function.strean.supplier.enabled=false flag.

Spring Cloud Function provides a "deployer" library that allows you to launch a jar file (or exploded archive, or set of jar files) with an isolated class loader and expose the functions defined in it. This is quite a powerful tool that would allow you to, for instance, adapt a function to a range of different input-output adapters without changing the target jar file. Serverless platforms often have this kind of feature built in, so you could see it as a building block for a function invoker in such a platform (indeed the Riff Java function invoker uses this library).

The standard entry point of the API is the Spring configuration annotation @EnableFunctionDeployer. If that is used in a Spring Boot application the deployer kicks in and looks for some configuration to tell it where to find the function jar. At a minimum the user has to provide a function.location which is a URL or resource location for the archive containing the functions. It can optionally use a maven: prefix to locate the artifact via a dependency lookup (see FunctionProperties for complete details). A Spring Boot application is bootstrapped from the jar file, using the MANIFEST.MF to locate a start class, so that a standard Spring Boot fat jar works well, for example. If the target jar can be launched successfully then the result is a function registered in the main application’s FunctionCatalog. The registered function can be applied by code in the main application, even though it was created in an isolated class loader (by deault).

There is a sample app that uses the function compiler to create a function from a configuration property. The vanilla "function-sample" also has that feature. And there are some scripts that you can run to see the compilation happening at run time. To run these examples, change into the scripts directory:

cd scripts

Also, start a RabbitMQ server locally (e.g. execute rabbitmq-server).

Start the Function Registry Service:

./function-registry.sh

Register a Function:

./registerFunction.sh -n uppercase -f "f->f.map(s->s.toString().toUpperCase())"

Run a REST Microservice using that Function:

./web.sh -f uppercase -p 9000
curl -H "Content-Type: text/plain" -H "Accept: text/plain" localhost:9000/uppercase -d foo

Register a Supplier:

./registerSupplier.sh -n words -f "()->Flux.just(\"foo\",\"bar\")"

Run a REST Microservice using that Supplier:

./web.sh -s words -p 9001
curl -H "Accept: application/json" localhost:9001/words

Register a Consumer:

./registerConsumer.sh -n print -t String -f "System.out::println"

Run a REST Microservice using that Consumer:

./web.sh -c print -p 9002
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: text/plain" -d foo localhost:9002/print

Run Stream Processing Microservices:

First register a streaming words supplier:

./registerSupplier.sh -n wordstream -f "()->Flux.interval(Duration.ofMillis(1000)).map(i->\"message-\"+i)"

Then start the source (supplier), processor (function), and sink (consumer) apps (in reverse order):

./stream.sh -p 9103 -i uppercaseWords -c print
./stream.sh -p 9102 -i words -f uppercase -o uppercaseWords
./stream.sh -p 9101 -s wordstream -o words

The output will appear in the console of the sink app (one message per second, converted to uppercase):

MESSAGE-0
MESSAGE-1
MESSAGE-2
MESSAGE-3
MESSAGE-4
MESSAGE-5
MESSAGE-6
MESSAGE-7
MESSAGE-8
MESSAGE-9
...

As well as being able to run as a standalone process, a Spring Cloud Function application can be adapted to run one of the existing serverless platforms. In the project there are adapters for AWS Lambda, Azure, and Apache OpenWhisk. The Oracle Fn platform has its own Spring Cloud Function adapter. And Riff supports Java functions and its Java Function Invoker acts natively is an adapter for Spring Cloud Function jars.

./mvnw -U clean package

aws lambda create-function --function-name Uppercase --role arn:aws:iam::[USERID]:role/service-role/[ROLE] --zip-file fileb://function-sample-aws/target/function-sample-aws-1.0.0.RELEASE-aws.jar --handler org.springframework.cloud.function.adapter.aws.SpringBootStreamHandler --description "Spring Cloud Function Adapter Example" --runtime java8 --region us-east-1 --timeout 30 --memory-size 1024 --publish

{
  "value": "test"
}

{
  "scriptFile" : "../function-sample-azure-1.0.0.RELEASE-azure.jar",
  "entryPoint" : "example.FooHandler.execute",
  "bindings" : [ {
    "type" : "httpTrigger",
    "name" : "foo",
    "direction" : "in",
    "authLevel" : "anonymous",
    "methods" : [ "get", "post" ]
  }, {
    "type" : "http",
    "name" : "$return",
    "direction" : "out"
  } ],
  "disabled" : false
}

./mvnw -U clean package

$ az login
$ mvn azure-functions:deploy

{
  "value": "foobar"
}

package functions;

import java.util.function.Function;

public class Uppercase implements Function<String, String> {

	public String apply(String input) {
		return input.toUpperCase();
	}
}

./mvnw clean install

dependencies.function: com.example:pof:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT

cp spring-cloud-function-adapters/spring-cloud-function-adapter-openwhisk/target/spring-cloud-function-adapter-openwhisk-1.0.0.RELEASE.jar runner.jar

java -jar -Dthin.root=m2 runner.jar --thin.name=function --thin.dryrun

FROM openjdk:8-jdk-alpine
VOLUME /tmp
COPY m2 /m2
ADD runner.jar .
ADD function.properties .
ENV JAVA_OPTS=""
ENTRYPOINT [ "java", "-Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom", "-jar", "runner.jar", "--thin.root=/m2", "--thin.name=function", "--function.name=uppercase"]
EXPOSE 8080

docker build -t [username/appname] .

docker push [username/appname]

wsk action create example --docker [username/appname]

wsk action invoke example --result --param payload foo
{
    "result": "FOO"
}