Cloud Native is a style of application development that encourages easy adoption of best practices in the areas of continuous delivery and value-driven development. A related discipline is that of building 12-factor Applications, in which development practices are aligned with delivery and operations goals — for instance, by using declarative programming and management and monitoring. Spring Cloud facilitates these styles of development in a number of specific ways. The starting point is a set of features to which all components in a distributed system need easy access.

Many of those features are covered by Spring Boot, on which Spring Cloud builds. Some more features are delivered by Spring Cloud as two libraries: Spring Cloud Context and Spring Cloud Commons. Spring Cloud Context provides utilities and special services for the ApplicationContext of a Spring Cloud application (bootstrap context, encryption, refresh scope, and environment endpoints). Spring Cloud Commons is a set of abstractions and common classes used in different Spring Cloud implementations (such as Spring Cloud Netflix and Spring Cloud Consul).

If you get an exception due to "Illegal key size" and you use Sun’s JDK, you need to install the Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files. See the following links for more information:

Extract the files into the JDK/jre/lib/security folder for whichever version of JRE/JDK x64/x86 you use.

Spring Cloud is released under the non-restrictive Apache 2.0 license. If you would like to contribute to this section of the documentation or if you find an error, you can find the source code and issue trackers for the project at {docslink}[github].

1. Spring Cloud Context: Application Context Services

Spring Boot has an opinionated view of how to build an application with Spring. For instance, it has conventional locations for common configuration files and has endpoints for common management and monitoring tasks. Spring Cloud builds on top of that and adds a few features that many components in a system would use or occasionally need.

1.1. The Bootstrap Application Context

A Spring Cloud application operates by creating a “bootstrap” context, which is a parent context for the main application. This context is responsible for loading configuration properties from the external sources and for decrypting properties in the local external configuration files. The two contexts share an Environment, which is the source of external properties for any Spring application. By default, bootstrap properties (not bootstrap.properties but properties that are loaded during the bootstrap phase) are added with high precedence, so they cannot be overridden by local configuration.

The bootstrap context uses a different convention for locating external configuration than the main application context. Instead of application.yml (or .properties), you can use bootstrap.yml, keeping the external configuration for bootstrap and main context nicely separate. The following listing shows an example:

Example 1. bootstrap.yml
spring:
  application:
    name: foo
  cloud:
    config:
      uri: ${SPRING_CONFIG_URI:http://localhost:8888}

If your application needs any application-specific configuration from the server, it is a good idea to set the spring.application.name (in bootstrap.yml or application.yml). For the property spring.application.name to be used as the application’s context ID, you must set it in bootstrap.[properties | yml].

If you want to retrieve specific profile configuration, you should also set spring.profiles.active in bootstrap.[properties | yml].

You can disable the bootstrap process completely by setting spring.cloud.bootstrap.enabled=false (for example, in system properties).

1.2. Application Context Hierarchies

If you build an application context from SpringApplication or SpringApplicationBuilder, the Bootstrap context is added as a parent to that context. It is a feature of Spring that child contexts inherit property sources and profiles from their parent, so the “main” application context contains additional property sources, compared to building the same context without Spring Cloud Config. The additional property sources are:

  • “bootstrap”: If any PropertySourceLocators are found in the bootstrap context and if they have non-empty properties, an optional CompositePropertySource appears with high priority. An example would be properties from the Spring Cloud Config Server. See “Customizing the Bootstrap Property Sources” for how to customize the contents of this property source.

  • “applicationConfig: [classpath:bootstrap.yml]” (and related files if Spring profiles are active): If you have a bootstrap.yml (or .properties), those properties are used to configure the bootstrap context. Then they get added to the child context when its parent is set. They have lower precedence than the application.yml (or .properties) and any other property sources that are added to the child as a normal part of the process of creating a Spring Boot application. See “Changing the Location of Bootstrap Properties” for how to customize the contents of these property sources.

Because of the ordering rules of property sources, the “bootstrap” entries take precedence. However, note that these do not contain any data from bootstrap.yml, which has very low precedence but can be used to set defaults.

You can extend the context hierarchy by setting the parent context of any ApplicationContext you create — for example, by using its own interface or with the SpringApplicationBuilder convenience methods (parent(), child() and sibling()). The bootstrap context is the parent of the most senior ancestor that you create yourself. Every context in the hierarchy has its own “bootstrap” (possibly empty) property source to avoid promoting values inadvertently from parents down to their descendants. If there is a config server, every context in the hierarchy can also (in principle) have a different spring.application.name and, hence, a different remote property source. Normal Spring application context behavior rules apply to property resolution: properties from a child context override those in the parent, by name and also by property source name. (If the child has a property source with the same name as the parent, the value from the parent is not included in the child).

Note that the SpringApplicationBuilder lets you share an Environment amongst the whole hierarchy, but that is not the default. Thus, sibling contexts (in particular) do not need to have the same profiles or property sources, even though they may share common values with their parent.

1.3. Changing the Location of Bootstrap Properties

The bootstrap.yml (or .properties) location can be specified by setting spring.cloud.bootstrap.name (default: bootstrap), spring.cloud.bootstrap.location (default: empty) or spring.cloud.bootstrap.additional-location (default: empty) — for example, in System properties.

Those properties behave like the spring.config.* variants with the same name. With spring.cloud.bootstrap.location the default locations are replaced and only the specified ones are used. To add locations to the list of default ones, spring.cloud.bootstrap.additional-location could be used. In fact, they are used to set up the bootstrap ApplicationContext by setting those properties in its Environment. If there is an active profile (from spring.profiles.active or through the Environment API in the context you are building), properties in that profile get loaded as well, the same as in a regular Spring Boot app — for example, from bootstrap-development.properties for a development profile.

1.4. Overriding the Values of Remote Properties

The property sources that are added to your application by the bootstrap context are often “remote” (from example, from Spring Cloud Config Server). By default, they cannot be overridden locally. If you want to let your applications override the remote properties with their own system properties or config files, the remote property source has to grant it permission by setting spring.cloud.config.allowOverride=true (it does not work to set this locally). Once that flag is set, two finer-grained settings control the location of the remote properties in relation to system properties and the application’s local configuration:

  • spring.cloud.config.overrideNone=true: Override from any local property source.

  • spring.cloud.config.overrideSystemProperties=false: Only system properties, command line arguments, and environment variables (but not the local config files) should override the remote settings.

1.5. Customizing the Bootstrap Configuration

The bootstrap context can be set to do anything you like by adding entries to /META-INF/spring.factories under a key named org.springframework.cloud.bootstrap.BootstrapConfiguration. This holds a comma-separated list of Spring @Configuration classes that are used to create the context. Any beans that you want to be available to the main application context for autowiring can be created here. There is a special contract for @Beans of type ApplicationContextInitializer. If you want to control the startup sequence, you can mark classes with the @Order annotation (the default order is last).

When adding custom BootstrapConfiguration, be careful that the classes you add are not @ComponentScanned by mistake into your “main” application context, where they might not be needed. Use a separate package name for boot configuration classes and make sure that name is not already covered by your @ComponentScan or @SpringBootApplication annotated configuration classes.

The bootstrap process ends by injecting initializers into the main SpringApplication instance (which is the normal Spring Boot startup sequence, whether it runs as a standalone application or is deployed in an application server). First, a bootstrap context is created from the classes found in spring.factories. Then, all @Beans of type ApplicationContextInitializer are added to the main SpringApplication before it is started.

1.6. Customizing the Bootstrap Property Sources

The default property source for external configuration added by the bootstrap process is the Spring Cloud Config Server, but you can add additional sources by adding beans of type PropertySourceLocator to the bootstrap context (through spring.factories). For instance, you can insert additional properties from a different server or from a database.

As an example, consider the following custom locator:

@Configuration
public class CustomPropertySourceLocator implements PropertySourceLocator {

    @Override
    public PropertySource<?> locate(Environment environment) {
        return new MapPropertySource("customProperty",
                Collections.<String, Object>singletonMap("property.from.sample.custom.source", "worked as intended"));
    }

}

The Environment that is passed in is the one for the ApplicationContext about to be created — in other words, the one for which we supply additional property sources. It already has its normal Spring Boot-provided property sources, so you can use those to locate a property source specific to this Environment (for example, by keying it on spring.application.name, as is done in the default Spring Cloud Config Server property source locator).

If you create a jar with this class in it and then add a META-INF/spring.factories containing the following setting, the customProperty PropertySource appears in any application that includes that jar on its classpath:

org.springframework.cloud.bootstrap.BootstrapConfiguration=sample.custom.CustomPropertySourceLocator

1.7. Logging Configuration

If you use Spring Boot to configure log settings, you should place this configuration in bootstrap.[yml | properties] if you would like it to apply to all events.

For Spring Cloud to initialize logging configuration properly, you cannot use a custom prefix. For example, using custom.loggin.logpath is not recognized by Spring Cloud when initializing the logging system.

1.8. Environment Changes

The application listens for an EnvironmentChangeEvent and reacts to the change in a couple of standard ways (additional ApplicationListeners can be added as @Beans in the normal way). When an EnvironmentChangeEvent is observed, it has a list of key values that have changed, and the application uses those to:

  • Re-bind any @ConfigurationProperties beans in the context.

  • Set the logger levels for any properties in logging.level.*.

Note that the Spring Cloud Config Client does not, by default, poll for changes in the Environment. Generally, we would not recommend that approach for detecting changes (although you could set it up with a @Scheduled annotation). If you have a scaled-out client application, it is better to broadcast the EnvironmentChangeEvent to all the instances instead of having them polling for changes (for example, by using the Spring Cloud Bus).

The EnvironmentChangeEvent covers a large class of refresh use cases, as long as you can actually make a change to the Environment and publish the event. Note that those APIs are public and part of core Spring). You can verify that the changes are bound to @ConfigurationProperties beans by visiting the /configprops endpoint (a standard Spring Boot Actuator feature). For instance, a DataSource can have its maxPoolSize changed at runtime (the default DataSource created by Spring Boot is a @ConfigurationProperties bean) and grow capacity dynamically. Re-binding @ConfigurationProperties does not cover another large class of use cases, where you need more control over the refresh and where you need a change to be atomic over the whole ApplicationContext. To address those concerns, we have @RefreshScope.

1.9. Refresh Scope

When there is a configuration change, a Spring @Bean that is marked as @RefreshScope gets special treatment. This feature addresses the problem of stateful beans that get their configuration injected only when they are initialized. For instance, if a DataSource has open connections when the database URL is changed through the Environment, you probably want the holders of those connections to be able to complete what they are doing. Then, the next time something borrows a connection from the pool, it gets one with the new URL.

Sometimes, it might even be mandatory to apply the @RefreshScope annotation on some beans that can be only initialized once. If a bean is “immutable”, you have to either annotate the bean with @RefreshScope or specify the classname under the property key: spring.cloud.refresh.extra-refreshable.

If you hava a DataSource bean that is a HikariDataSource, it can not be refreshed. It is the default value for spring.cloud.refresh.never-refreshable. Choose a different DataSource implementation if you need it to be refreshed.

Refresh scope beans are lazy proxies that initialize when they are used (that is, when a method is called), and the scope acts as a cache of initialized values. To force a bean to re-initialize on the next method call, you must invalidate its cache entry.

The RefreshScope is a bean in the context and has a public refreshAll() method to refresh all beans in the scope by clearing the target cache. The /refresh endpoint exposes this functionality (over HTTP or JMX). To refresh an individual bean by name, there is also a refresh(String) method.

To expose the /refresh endpoint, you need to add following configuration to your application:

management:
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: refresh
@RefreshScope works (technically) on a @Configuration class, but it might lead to surprising behavior. For example, it does not mean that all the @Beans defined in that class are themselves in @RefreshScope. Specifically, anything that depends on those beans cannot rely on them being updated when a refresh is initiated, unless it is itself in @RefreshScope. In that case, it is rebuilt on a refresh and its dependencies are re-injected. At that point, they are re-initialized from the refreshed @Configuration).

1.10. Encryption and Decryption

Spring Cloud has an Environment pre-processor for decrypting property values locally. It follows the same rules as the Spring Cloud Config Server and has the same external configuration through encrypt.*. Thus, you can use encrypted values in the form of {cipher}*, and, as long as there is a valid key, they are decrypted before the main application context gets the Environment settings. To use the encryption features in an application, you need to include Spring Security RSA in your classpath (Maven co-ordinates: org.springframework.security:spring-security-rsa), and you also need the full strength JCE extensions in your JVM.

If you get an exception due to "Illegal key size" and you use Sun’s JDK, you need to install the Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files. See the following links for more information:

Extract the files into the JDK/jre/lib/security folder for whichever version of JRE/JDK x64/x86 you use.

1.11. Endpoints

For a Spring Boot Actuator application, some additional management endpoints are available. You can use:

  • POST to /actuator/env to update the Environment and rebind @ConfigurationProperties and log levels.

  • /actuator/refresh to re-load the boot strap context and refresh the @RefreshScope beans.

  • /actuator/restart to close the ApplicationContext and restart it (disabled by default).

  • /actuator/pause and /actuator/resume for calling the Lifecycle methods (stop() and start() on the ApplicationContext).

If you disable the /actuator/restart endpoint then the /actuator/pause and /actuator/resume endpoints will also be disabled since they are just a special case of /actuator/restart.

2. Spring Cloud Commons: Common Abstractions

Patterns such as service discovery, load balancing, and circuit breakers lend themselves to a common abstraction layer that can be consumed by all Spring Cloud clients, independent of the implementation (for example, discovery with Eureka or Consul).

2.1. The @EnableDiscoveryClient Annotation

Spring Cloud Commons provides the @EnableDiscoveryClient annotation. This looks for implementations of the DiscoveryClient and ReactiveDiscoveryClient interfaces with META-INF/spring.factories. Implementations of the discovery client add a configuration class to spring.factories under the org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient key. Examples of DiscoveryClient implementations include Spring Cloud Netflix Eureka, Spring Cloud Consul Discovery, and Spring Cloud Zookeeper Discovery.

Spring Cloud will provide both the blocking and reactive service discovery clients by default. You can disable the blocking and/or reactive clients easily by setting spring.cloud.discovery.blocking.enabled=false or spring.cloud.discovery.reactive.enabled=false. To completely disable service discovery you just need to set spring.cloud.discovery.enabled=false.

By default, implementations of DiscoveryClient auto-register the local Spring Boot server with the remote discovery server. This behavior can be disabled by setting autoRegister=false in @EnableDiscoveryClient.

@EnableDiscoveryClient is no longer required. You can put a DiscoveryClient implementation on the classpath to cause the Spring Boot application to register with the service discovery server.

2.1.1. Health Indicator

Commons creates a Spring Boot HealthIndicator that DiscoveryClient implementations can participate in by implementing DiscoveryHealthIndicator. To disable the composite HealthIndicator, set spring.cloud.discovery.client.composite-indicator.enabled=false. A generic HealthIndicator based on DiscoveryClient is auto-configured (DiscoveryClientHealthIndicator). To disable it, set spring.cloud.discovery.client.health-indicator.enabled=false. To disable the description field of the DiscoveryClientHealthIndicator, set spring.cloud.discovery.client.health-indicator.include-description=false. Otherwise, it can bubble up as the description of the rolled up HealthIndicator.

2.1.2. Ordering DiscoveryClient instances

DiscoveryClient interface extends Ordered. This is useful when using multiple discovery clients, as it allows you to define the order of the returned discovery clients, similar to how you can order the beans loaded by a Spring application. By default, the order of any DiscoveryClient is set to 0. If you want to set a different order for your custom DiscoveryClient implementations, you just need to override the getOrder() method so that it returns the value that is suitable for your setup. Apart from this, you can use properties to set the order of the DiscoveryClient implementations provided by Spring Cloud, among others ConsulDiscoveryClient, EurekaDiscoveryClient and ZookeeperDiscoveryClient. In order to do it, you just need to set the spring.cloud.{clientIdentifier}.discovery.order (or eureka.client.order for Eureka) property to the desired value.

2.1.3. SimpleDiscoveryClient

If there is no Service-Registry-backed DiscoveryClient in the classpath, SimpleDiscoveryClient instance, that uses properties to get information on service and instances, will be used.

The information about the available instances should be passed to via properties in the following format: spring.cloud.discovery.client.simple.instances.service1[0].uri=http://s11:8080, where spring.cloud.discovery.client.simple.instances is the common prefix, then service1 stands for the ID of the service in question, while [0] indicates the index number of the instance (as visible in the example, indexes start with 0), and then the value of uri is the actual URI under which the instance is available.

2.2. ServiceRegistry

Commons now provides a ServiceRegistry interface that provides methods such as register(Registration) and deregister(Registration), which let you provide custom registered services. Registration is a marker interface.

The following example shows the ServiceRegistry in use:

@Configuration
@EnableDiscoveryClient(autoRegister=false)
public class MyConfiguration {
    private ServiceRegistry registry;

    public MyConfiguration(ServiceRegistry registry) {
        this.registry = registry;
    }

    // called through some external process, such as an event or a custom actuator endpoint
    public void register() {
        Registration registration = constructRegistration();
        this.registry.register(registration);
    }
}

Each ServiceRegistry implementation has its own Registry implementation.

  • ZookeeperRegistration used with ZookeeperServiceRegistry

  • EurekaRegistration used with EurekaServiceRegistry

  • ConsulRegistration used with ConsulServiceRegistry

If you are using the ServiceRegistry interface, you are going to need to pass the correct Registry implementation for the ServiceRegistry implementation you are using.

2.2.1. ServiceRegistry Auto-Registration

By default, the ServiceRegistry implementation auto-registers the running service. To disable that behavior, you can set: * @EnableDiscoveryClient(autoRegister=false) to permanently disable auto-registration. * spring.cloud.service-registry.auto-registration.enabled=false to disable the behavior through configuration.

ServiceRegistry Auto-Registration Events

There are two events that will be fired when a service auto-registers. The first event, called InstancePreRegisteredEvent, is fired before the service is registered. The second event, called InstanceRegisteredEvent, is fired after the service is registered. You can register an ApplicationListener(s) to listen to and react to these events.

These events will not be fired if the spring.cloud.service-registry.auto-registration.enabled property is set to false.

2.2.2. Service Registry Actuator Endpoint

Spring Cloud Commons provides a /service-registry actuator endpoint. This endpoint relies on a Registration bean in the Spring Application Context. Calling /service-registry with GET returns the status of the Registration. Using POST to the same endpoint with a JSON body changes the status of the current Registration to the new value. The JSON body has to include the status field with the preferred value. Please see the documentation of the ServiceRegistry implementation you use for the allowed values when updating the status and the values returned for the status. For instance, Eureka’s supported statuses are UP, DOWN, OUT_OF_SERVICE, and UNKNOWN.

2.3. Spring RestTemplate as a Load Balancer Client

You can configure a RestTemplate to use a Load-balancer client. To create a load-balanced RestTemplate, create a RestTemplate @Bean and use the @LoadBalanced qualifier, as the following example shows:

@Configuration
public class MyConfiguration {

    @LoadBalanced
    @Bean
    RestTemplate restTemplate() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

public class MyClass {
    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    public String doOtherStuff() {
        String results = restTemplate.getForObject("http://stores/stores", String.class);
        return results;
    }
}
A RestTemplate bean is no longer created through auto-configuration. Individual applications must create it.

The URI needs to use a virtual host name (that is, a service name, not a host name). The Ribbon client is used to create a full physical address. See {githubroot}/spring-cloud-netflix/blob/master/spring-cloud-netflix-ribbon/src/main/java/org/springframework/cloud/netflix/ribbon/RibbonAutoConfiguration.java[RibbonAutoConfiguration] for the details of how the RestTemplate is set up.

To use a load-balanced RestTemplate, you need to have a load-balancer implementation in your classpath. The recommended implementation is BlockingLoadBalancerClient. Add Spring Cloud LoadBalancer starter to your project in order to use it. The RibbonLoadBalancerClient also can be used, but it’s now under maintenance and we do not recommend adding it to new projects.
By default, if you have both RibbonLoadBalancerClient and BlockingLoadBalancerClient, to preserve backward compatibility, RibbonLoadBalancerClient is used. To override it, you can set the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.ribbon.enabled property to false.

2.4. Spring WebClient as a Load Balancer Client

You can configure WebClient to automatically use a load-balancer client. To create a load-balanced WebClient, create a WebClient.Builder @Bean and use the @LoadBalanced qualifier, as follows:

@Configuration
public class MyConfiguration {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public WebClient.Builder loadBalancedWebClientBuilder() {
        return WebClient.builder();
    }
}

public class MyClass {
    @Autowired
    private WebClient.Builder webClientBuilder;

    public Mono<String> doOtherStuff() {
        return webClientBuilder.build().get().uri("http://stores/stores")
                        .retrieve().bodyToMono(String.class);
    }
}

The URI needs to use a virtual host name (that is, a service name, not a host name). The Ribbon client or Spring Cloud LoadBalancer is used to create a full physical address.

If you want to use a @LoadBalanced WebClient.Builder, you need to have a load balancer implementation in the classpath. We recommend that you add the Spring Cloud LoadBalancer starter to your project. Then, ReactiveLoadBalancer is used underneath. Alternatively, this functionality also works with spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon, but the request is handled by a non-reactive LoadBalancerClient under the hood. Additionally, spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon is already in maintenance mode, so we do not recommend adding it to new projects. If you have both spring-cloud-starter-loadbalancer and spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon in your classpath, Ribbon is used by default. To switch to Spring Cloud LoadBalancer, set the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.ribbon.enabled property to false.

2.4.1. Retrying Failed Requests

A load-balanced RestTemplate can be configured to retry failed requests. By default, this logic is disabled. You can enable it by adding Spring Retry to your application’s classpath. The load-balanced RestTemplate honors some of the Ribbon configuration values related to retrying failed requests. You can use client.ribbon.MaxAutoRetries, client.ribbon.MaxAutoRetriesNextServer, and client.ribbon.OkToRetryOnAllOperations properties. If you would like to disable the retry logic with Spring Retry on the classpath, you can set spring.cloud.loadbalancer.retry.enabled=false. See the Ribbon documentation for a description of what these properties do.

If you would like to implement a BackOffPolicy in your retries, you need to create a bean of type LoadBalancedRetryFactory and override the createBackOffPolicy method:

@Configuration
public class MyConfiguration {
    @Bean
    LoadBalancedRetryFactory retryFactory() {
        return new LoadBalancedRetryFactory() {
            @Override
            public BackOffPolicy createBackOffPolicy(String service) {
                return new ExponentialBackOffPolicy();
            }
        };
    }
}
client in the preceding examples should be replaced with your Ribbon client’s name.

If you want to add one or more RetryListener implementations to your retry functionality, you need to create a bean of type LoadBalancedRetryListenerFactory and return the RetryListener array you would like to use for a given service, as the following example shows:

@Configuration
public class MyConfiguration {
    @Bean
    LoadBalancedRetryListenerFactory retryListenerFactory() {
        return new LoadBalancedRetryListenerFactory() {
            @Override
            public RetryListener[] createRetryListeners(String service) {
                return new RetryListener[]{new RetryListener() {
                    @Override
                    public <T, E extends Throwable> boolean open(RetryContext context, RetryCallback<T, E> callback) {
                        //TODO Do you business...
                        return true;
                    }

                    @Override
                     public <T, E extends Throwable> void close(RetryContext context, RetryCallback<T, E> callback, Throwable throwable) {
                        //TODO Do you business...
                    }

                    @Override
                    public <T, E extends Throwable> void onError(RetryContext context, RetryCallback<T, E> callback, Throwable throwable) {
                        //TODO Do you business...
                    }
                }};
            }
        };
    }
}

2.5. Multiple RestTemplate Objects

If you want a RestTemplate that is not load-balanced, create a RestTemplate bean and inject it. To access the load-balanced RestTemplate, use the @LoadBalanced qualifier when you create your @Bean, as the following example shows:

@Configuration
public class MyConfiguration {

    @LoadBalanced
    @Bean
    RestTemplate loadBalanced() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }

    @Primary
    @Bean
    RestTemplate restTemplate() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

public class MyClass {
@Autowired
private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @Autowired
    @LoadBalanced
    private RestTemplate loadBalanced;

    public String doOtherStuff() {
        return loadBalanced.getForObject("http://stores/stores", String.class);
    }

    public String doStuff() {
        return restTemplate.getForObject("http://example.com", String.class);
    }
}
Notice the use of the @Primary annotation on the plain RestTemplate declaration in the preceding example to disambiguate the unqualified @Autowired injection.
If you see errors such as java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Can not set org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate field com.my.app.Foo.restTemplate to com.sun.proxy.$Proxy89, try injecting RestOperations or setting spring.aop.proxyTargetClass=true.

2.6. Multiple WebClient Objects

If you want a WebClient that is not load-balanced, create a WebClient bean and inject it. To access the load-balanced WebClient, use the @LoadBalanced qualifier when you create your @Bean, as the following example shows:

@Configuration
public class MyConfiguration {

    @LoadBalanced
    @Bean
    WebClient.Builder loadBalanced() {
        return WebClient.builder();
    }

    @Primary
    @Bean
    WebClient.Builder webClient() {
        return WebClient.builder();
    }
}

public class MyClass {
    @Autowired
    private WebClient.Builder webClientBuilder;

    @Autowired
    @LoadBalanced
    private WebClient.Builder loadBalanced;

    public Mono<String> doOtherStuff() {
        return loadBalanced.build().get().uri("http://stores/stores")
                        .retrieve().bodyToMono(String.class);
    }

    public Mono<String> doStuff() {
        return webClientBuilder.build().get().uri("http://example.com")
                        .retrieve().bodyToMono(String.class);
    }
}

2.7. Spring WebFlux WebClient as a Load Balancer Client

The Spring WebFlux can work with both reactive and non-reactive WebClient configurations, as the topics describe:

2.7.1. Spring WebFlux WebClient with ReactorLoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction

You can configure WebClient to use the ReactiveLoadBalancer. If you add Spring Cloud LoadBalancer starter to your project and if spring-webflux is on the classpath, ReactorLoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction is auto-configured. The following example shows how to configure a WebClient to use reactive load-balancer:

public class MyClass {
    @Autowired
    private ReactorLoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction lbFunction;

    public Mono<String> doOtherStuff() {
        return WebClient.builder().baseUrl("http://stores")
            .filter(lbFunction)
            .build()
            .get()
            .uri("/stores")
            .retrieve()
            .bodyToMono(String.class);
    }
}

The URI needs to use a virtual host name (that is, a service name, not a host name). The ReactorLoadBalancer is used to create a full physical address.

By default, if you have spring-cloud-netflix-ribbon in your classpath, LoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction is used to maintain backward compatibility. To use ReactorLoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction, set the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.ribbon.enabled property to false.

2.7.2. Spring WebFlux WebClient with a Non-reactive Load Balancer Client

If you you do not have Spring Cloud LoadBalancer starter in your project but you do have spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon, you can still use WebClient with LoadBalancerClient. If spring-webflux is on the classpath, LoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction is auto-configured. Note, however, that this uses a non-reactive client under the hood. The following example shows how to configure a WebClient to use load-balancer:

public class MyClass {
    @Autowired
    private LoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction lbFunction;

    public Mono<String> doOtherStuff() {
        return WebClient.builder().baseUrl("http://stores")
            .filter(lbFunction)
            .build()
            .get()
            .uri("/stores")
            .retrieve()
            .bodyToMono(String.class);
    }
}

The URI needs to use a virtual host name (that is, a service name, not a host name). The LoadBalancerClient is used to create a full physical address.

WARN: This approach is now deprecated. We suggest that you use WebFlux with reactive Load-Balancer instead.

2.8. Ignore Network Interfaces

Sometimes, it is useful to ignore certain named network interfaces so that they can be excluded from Service Discovery registration (for example, when running in a Docker container). A list of regular expressions can be set to cause the desired network interfaces to be ignored. The following configuration ignores the docker0 interface and all interfaces that start with veth:

Example 2. application.yml
spring:
  cloud:
    inetutils:
      ignoredInterfaces:
        - docker0
        - veth.*

You can also force the use of only specified network addresses by using a list of regular expressions, as the following example shows:

Example 3. bootstrap.yml
spring:
  cloud:
    inetutils:
      preferredNetworks:
        - 192.168
        - 10.0

You can also force the use of only site-local addresses, as the following example shows:

Example 4. application.yml
spring:
  cloud:
    inetutils:
      useOnlySiteLocalInterfaces: true

See Inet4Address.html.isSiteLocalAddress() for more details about what constitutes a site-local address.

2.9. HTTP Client Factories

Spring Cloud Commons provides beans for creating both Apache HTTP clients (ApacheHttpClientFactory) and OK HTTP clients (OkHttpClientFactory). The OkHttpClientFactory bean is created only if the OK HTTP jar is on the classpath. In addition, Spring Cloud Commons provides beans for creating the connection managers used by both clients: ApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactory for the Apache HTTP client and OkHttpClientConnectionPoolFactory for the OK HTTP client. If you would like to customize how the HTTP clients are created in downstream projects, you can provide your own implementation of these beans. In addition, if you provide a bean of type HttpClientBuilder or OkHttpClient.Builder, the default factories use these builders as the basis for the builders returned to downstream projects. You can also disable the creation of these beans by setting spring.cloud.httpclientfactories.apache.enabled or spring.cloud.httpclientfactories.ok.enabled to false.

2.10. Enabled Features

Spring Cloud Commons provides a /features actuator endpoint. This endpoint returns features available on the classpath and whether they are enabled. The information returned includes the feature type, name, version, and vendor.

2.10.1. Feature types

There are two types of 'features': abstract and named.

Abstract features are features where an interface or abstract class is defined and that an implementation the creates, such as DiscoveryClient, LoadBalancerClient, or LockService. The abstract class or interface is used to find a bean of that type in the context. The version displayed is bean.getClass().getPackage().getImplementationVersion().

Named features are features that do not have a particular class they implement. These features include “Circuit Breaker”, “API Gateway”, “Spring Cloud Bus”, and others. These features require a name and a bean type.

2.10.2. Declaring features

Any module can declare any number of HasFeature beans, as the following examples show:

@Bean
public HasFeatures commonsFeatures() {
  return HasFeatures.abstractFeatures(DiscoveryClient.class, LoadBalancerClient.class);
}

@Bean
public HasFeatures consulFeatures() {
  return HasFeatures.namedFeatures(
    new NamedFeature("Spring Cloud Bus", ConsulBusAutoConfiguration.class),
    new NamedFeature("Circuit Breaker", HystrixCommandAspect.class));
}

@Bean
HasFeatures localFeatures() {
  return HasFeatures.builder()
      .abstractFeature(Something.class)
      .namedFeature(new NamedFeature("Some Other Feature", Someother.class))
      .abstractFeature(Somethingelse.class)
      .build();
}

Each of these beans should go in an appropriately guarded @Configuration.

2.11. Spring Cloud Compatibility Verification

Due to the fact that some users have problem with setting up Spring Cloud application, we’ve decided to add a compatibility verification mechanism. It will break if your current setup is not compatible with Spring Cloud requirements, together with a report, showing what exactly went wrong.

At the moment we verify which version of Spring Boot is added to your classpath.

Example of a report

***************************
APPLICATION FAILED TO START
***************************

Description:

Your project setup is incompatible with our requirements due to following reasons:

- Spring Boot [2.1.0.RELEASE] is not compatible with this Spring Cloud release train


Action:

Consider applying the following actions:

- Change Spring Boot version to one of the following versions [1.2.x, 1.3.x] .
You can find the latest Spring Boot versions here [https://spring.io/projects/spring-boot#learn].
If you want to learn more about the Spring Cloud Release train compatibility, you can visit this page [https://spring.io/projects/spring-cloud#overview] and check the [Release Trains] section.

In order to disable this feature, set spring.cloud.compatibility-verifier.enabled to false. If you want to override the compatible Spring Boot versions, just set the spring.cloud.compatibility-verifier.compatible-boot-versions property with a comma separated list of compatible Spring Boot versions.

3. Spring Cloud LoadBalancer

Spring Cloud provides its own client-side load-balancer abstraction and implementation. For the load-balancing mechanism, ReactiveLoadBalancer interface has been added and a Round-Robin-based implementation has been provided for it. In order to get instances to select from reactive ServiceInstanceListSupplier is used. Currently we support a service-discovery-based implementation of ServiceInstanceListSupplier that retrieves available instances from Service Discovery using a Discovery Client available in the classpath.

3.1. Spring Cloud LoadBalancer integrations

In order to make it easy to use Spring Cloud LoadBalancer, we provide ReactorLoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction that can be used with WebClient and BlockingLoadBalancerClient that works with RestTemplate. You can see more information and examples of usage in the following sections:

3.2. Spring Cloud LoadBalancer Caching

Apart from the basic ServiceInstanceListSupplier implementation that retrieves instances via DiscoveryClient each time it has to choose an instance, we provide two caching implementations.

3.2.1. Caffeine-backed LoadBalancer Cache Implementation

If you have com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine in the classpath, Caffeine-based implementation will be used. See the LoadBalancerCacheConfiguration section for information on how to configure it.

If you are using Caffeine, you can also override the default Caffeine Cache setup for the LoadBalancer by passing your own Caffeine Specification in the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.cache.caffeine.spec property.

WARN: Passing your own Caffeine specification will override any other LoadBalancerCache settings, including General LoadBalancer Cache Configuration fields, such as ttl and capacity.

3.2.2. Default LoadBalancer Cache Implementation

If you do not have Caffeine in the classpath, the DefaultLoadBalancerCache, which comes automatically with spring-cloud-starter-loadbalancer, will be used. See the LoadBalancerCacheConfiguration section for information on how to configure it.

To use Caffeine instead of the default cache, add the com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine dependency to classpath.

3.2.3. LoadBalancer Cache Configuration

You can set your own ttl value (the time after write after which entries should be expired), expressed as Duration, by passing a String compliant with the Spring Boot String to Duration converter syntax. as the value of the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.cache.ttl property. You can also set your own LoadBalancer cache initial capacity by setting the value of the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.cache.capacity property.

The default setup includes ttl set to 35 seconds and the default initialCapacity is 256.

You can also altogether disable loadBalancer caching by setting the value of spring.cloud.loadbalancer.cache.enabled to false.

Although the basic, non-cached, implementation is useful for prototyping and testing, it’s much less efficient than the cached versions, so we recommend always using the cached version in production.

3.3. Zone-Based Load-Balancing

To enable zone-based load-balancing, we provide the ZonePreferenceServiceInstanceListSupplier. We use DiscoveryClient-specific zone configuration (for example, eureka.instance.metadata-map.zone) to pick the zone that the client tries to filter available service instances for.

You can also override DiscoveryClient-specific zone setup by setting the value of spring.cloud.loadbalancer.zone property.
For the time being, only Eureka Discovery Client is instrumented to set the LoadBalancer zone. For other discovery client, set the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.zone property. More instrumentations coming shortly.
To determine the zone of a retrieved ServiceInstance, we check the value under the "zone" key in its metadata map.

The ZonePreferenceServiceInstanceListSupplier filters retrieved instances and only returns the ones within the same zone. If the zone is null or there are no instances within the same zone, it returns all the retrieved instances.

In order to use the zone-based load-balancing approach, you will have to instantiate a ZonePreferenceServiceInstanceListSupplier bean in a custom configuration.

We use delegates to work with ServiceInstanceListSupplier beans. We suggest passing a DiscoveryClientServiceInstanceListSupplier delegate in the constructor of ZonePreferenceServiceInstanceListSupplier and, in turn, wrapping the latter with a CachingServiceInstanceListSupplier to leverage LoadBalancer caching mechanism.

You could use this sample configuration to set it up:

public class CustomLoadBalancerConfiguration {

    @Bean
    public ServiceInstanceListSupplier discoveryClientServiceInstanceListSupplier(
            ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
        return ServiceInstanceListSuppliers.builder()
                    .withDiscoveryClient()
                    .withZonePreference()
                    .withCaching()
                    .build(context);
    }
}

3.4. Instance Health-Check for LoadBalancer

It is possible to enable a scheduled HealthCheck for the LoadBalancer. The HealthCheckServiceInstanceListSupplier is provided for that. It regularly verifies if the instances provided by a delegate ServiceInstanceListSupplier are still alive and only returns the healthy instances, unless there are none - then it returns all the retrieved instances.

This mechanism is particularly helpful while using the SimpleDiscoveryClient. For the clients backed by an actual Service Registry, it’s not necessary to use, as we already get healthy instances after querying the external ServiceDiscovery.
TIP

This supplier is also recommended for setups with a small number of instances per service in order to avoid retrying calls on a failing instance.

HealthCheckServiceInstanceListSupplier uses properties prefixed with spring.cloud.loadbalancer.health-check. You can set the initialDelay and interval for the scheduler. You can set the default path for the healthcheck URL by setting the value of the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.health-check.path.default. You can also set a specific value for any given service by setting the value of the spring.cloud.loadbalancer.health-check.path.[SERVICE_ID], substituting the [SERVICE_ID] with the correct ID of your service. If the path is not set, /actuator/health is used by default.

TIP

If you rely on the default path (/actuator/health), make sure you add spring-boot-starter-actuator to your collaborator’s dependencies, unless you are planning to add such an endpoint on your own.

In order to use the health-check scheduler approach, you will have to instantiate a HealthCheckServiceInstanceListSupplier bean in a custom configuration.

We use delegates to work with ServiceInstanceListSupplier beans. We suggest passing a DiscoveryClientServiceInstanceListSupplier delegate in the constructor of HealthCheckServiceInstanceListSupplier.

You could use this sample configuration to set it up:

public class CustomLoadBalancerConfiguration {

    @Bean
    public ServiceInstanceListSupplier discoveryClientServiceInstanceListSupplier(
            ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
        return ServiceInstanceListSupplier.builder()
                    .withDiscoveryClient()
                    .withHealthChecks()
                    .build(context);
        }
    }
NOTE

HealthCheckServiceInstanceListSupplier has its own caching mechanism based on Reactor Flux replay(), therefore, if it’s being used, you may want to skip wrapping that supplier with CachingServiceInstanceListSupplier.

3.5. Spring Cloud LoadBalancer Starter

We also provide a starter that allows you to easily add Spring Cloud LoadBalancer in a Spring Boot app. In order to use it, just add org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-loadbalancer to your Spring Cloud dependencies in your build file.

Spring Cloud LoadBalancer starter includes Spring Boot Caching and Evictor.
If you have both Ribbon and Spring Cloud LoadBalancer int the classpath, in order to maintain backward compatibility, Ribbon-based implementations will be used by default. In order to switch to using Spring Cloud LoadBalancer under the hood, make sure you set the property spring.cloud.loadbalancer.ribbon.enabled to false.

3.6. Passing Your Own Spring Cloud LoadBalancer Configuration

You can also use the @LoadBalancerClient annotation to pass your own load-balancer client configuration, passing the name of the load-balancer client and the configuration class, as follows:

@Configuration
@LoadBalancerClient(value = "stores", configuration = CustomLoadBalancerConfiguration.class)
public class MyConfiguration {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public WebClient.Builder loadBalancedWebClientBuilder() {
        return WebClient.builder();
    }
}
TIP

In order to make working on your own LoadBalancer configuration easier, we have added a builder() method to the ServiceInstanceListSupplier class.

TIP

You can also use our alternative predefined configurations in place of the default ones by setting the value of spring.cloud.loadbalancer.configurations property to zone-preference to use ZonePreferenceServiceInstanceListSupplier with caching or to health-check to use HealthCheckServiceInstanceListSupplier with caching.

You can use this feature to instantiate different implementations of ServiceInstanceListSupplier or ReactorLoadBalancer, either written by you, or provided by us as alternatives (for example ZonePreferenceServiceInstanceListSupplier) to override the default setup.

You can see an example of a custom configuration here.

The annotation value arguments (stores in the example above) specifies the service id of the service that we should send the requests to with the given custom configuration.

You can also pass multiple configurations (for more than one load-balancer client) through the @LoadBalancerClients annotation, as the following example shows:

@Configuration
@LoadBalancerClients({@LoadBalancerClient(value = "stores", configuration = StoresLoadBalancerClientConfiguration.class), @LoadBalancerClient(value = "customers", configuration = CustomersLoadBalancerClientConfiguration.class)})
public class MyConfiguration {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public WebClient.Builder loadBalancedWebClientBuilder() {
        return WebClient.builder();
    }
}

4. Spring Cloud Circuit Breaker

4.1. Introduction

Spring Cloud Circuit breaker provides an abstraction across different circuit breaker implementations. It provides a consistent API to use in your applications, letting you, the developer, choose the circuit breaker implementation that best fits your needs for your application.

4.1.1. Supported Implementations

Spring Cloud supports the following circuit-breaker implementations:

4.2. Core Concepts

To create a circuit breaker in your code, you can use the CircuitBreakerFactory API. When you include a Spring Cloud Circuit Breaker starter on your classpath, a bean that implements this API is automatically created for you. The following example shows a simple example of how to use this API:

@Service
public static class DemoControllerService {
    private RestTemplate rest;
    private CircuitBreakerFactory cbFactory;

    public DemoControllerService(RestTemplate rest, CircuitBreakerFactory cbFactory) {
        this.rest = rest;
        this.cbFactory = cbFactory;
    }

    public String slow() {
        return cbFactory.create("slow").run(() -> rest.getForObject("/slow", String.class), throwable -> "fallback");
    }

}

The CircuitBreakerFactory.create API creates an instance of a class called CircuitBreaker. The run method takes a Supplier and a Function. The Supplier is the code that you are going to wrap in a circuit breaker. The Function is the fallback that is executed if the circuit breaker is tripped. The function is passed the Throwable that caused the fallback to be triggered. You can optionally exclude the fallback if you do not want to provide one.

4.2.1. Circuit Breakers In Reactive Code

If Project Reactor is on the class path, you can also use ReactiveCircuitBreakerFactory for your reactive code. The following example shows how to do so:

@Service
public static class DemoControllerService {
    private ReactiveCircuitBreakerFactory cbFactory;
    private WebClient webClient;


    public DemoControllerService(WebClient webClient, ReactiveCircuitBreakerFactory cbFactory) {
        this.webClient = webClient;
        this.cbFactory = cbFactory;
    }

    public Mono<String> slow() {
        return webClient.get().uri("/slow").retrieve().bodyToMono(String.class).transform(
        it -> cbFactory.create("slow").run(it, throwable -> return Mono.just("fallback")));
    }
}

The ReactiveCircuitBreakerFactory.create API creates an instance of a class called ReactiveCircuitBreaker. The run method takes a Mono or a Flux and wraps it in a circuit breaker. You can optionally profile a fallback Function, which will be called if the circuit breaker is tripped and is passed the Throwable that caused the failure.

4.3. Configuration

You can configure your circuit breakers by creating beans of type Customizer. The Customizer interface has a single method (called customize) that takes the Object to customize.

For detailed information on how to customize a given implementation see the following documentation:

Some CircuitBreaker implementations such as Resilience4JCircuitBreaker call customize method every time CircuitBreaker#run is called. It can be inefficient. In that case, you can use CircuitBreaker#once method. It is useful where calling customize many times doesn’t make sense, for example, in case of consuming Resilience4j’s events.

The following example shows the way for each io.github.resilience4j.circuitbreaker.CircuitBreaker to consume events.

Customizer.once(circuitBreaker -> {
  circuitBreaker.getEventPublisher()
    .onStateTransition(event -> log.info("{}: {}", event.getCircuitBreakerName(), event.getStateTransition()));
}, CircuitBreaker::getName)

5. CachedRandomPropertySource

Spring Cloud Context provides a PropertySource that caches random values based on a key. Outside of the caching functionality it works the same as Spring Boot’s RandomValuePropertySource. This random value might be useful in the case where you want a random value that is consistent even after the Spring Application context restarts. The property value takes the form of cachedrandom.[yourkey].[type] where yourkey is the key in the cache. The type value can be any type supported by Spring Boot’s RandomValuePropertySource.

myrandom=${cachedrandom.appname.value}

6. Configuration Properties

To see the list of all Spring Cloud Commons related configuration properties please check the Appendix page.